ZX81 Draughts - Challenge Accepted 34 Years to Late

Way back in 1982, Tim Hartnell wrote the first part of a two article series detailing a method of creating board games on a computer for ZX-Computing magazine. At the end of the feature Tim expressed a desire to see what people made of his system, and send in their own programs derived from the article listings. Even though 34 years have passed since the article was first published, I thought I'd give it a shot. (Sadly Tim passed away in 1991).

Actually this is a multi level challenge, as I'm using Tims program and system to fiddle around some more with Z88DK, the C compiler for Z80 processors. Alongside this, I thought it would be interesting to see just how much faster a complied C program would run in comparison to a native ZX81 basic listing.

Tim Hartnells' Corners Program from 1982

I started by simply entering the listing as presented in the original feature, 'Board-Game Design' that can be found in ZX-Computing from Oct/Nov 1982. The entered program plays a fun rudimentary game of draughts, called Corners. Being a BASIC listing, the speed of the end result is best described as painfully slow. Of course given that we are talking about a BASIC program form 1982, written for a computer as simple as a ZX81, playing any sort of board game would have been considered a minor miracle at the time.

Next came a nearly straight conversion into C. I've pretty much used the exact structure of Tims' program as far as possible, in writing a version that would compile in Z88DK. Also none of the the more fancy features provided in the exteneded Z88DK ZX81 libraries were used (or for that matter any advanced C programing techniques) which is one reason why as you will notice when running the complied version that the screen redraw is not particularly seamless.

Z88DK complied C version of Corners

I did make some minor changes, the most noticeable being the layout, this is purely cosmetic, Another change, or rather oversight, I assume the Player always goes first. The real change was to add some extra checking into the validity of the Human players move. The original program assumed that the player was a humble honest sole, and never felt the need to cheat. That assumption also had a side effect of the program not checking the players move was even possible, and if not, the players move was basically ignored and the computer would gain a free turn.

In the end we have 2 quite passable ZX81 Corners (draughts) playing programs. But what about the speed test? Well the speed results are quite dramatic. The BASIC listing clocks in at around 12 seconds, just setting up the board in the background for the initial run (not including drawing the board itself). The Compiled C version takes about 2 seconds, including the initial board drawing. The overall speed difference just becomes more apparent from there on in.

Having tried out the BASIC listing and equivalent in C, it's now it's on to extending the program as Tim suggested. I'll continue to base the next version on the original idea. There is also the second article in the Dec 82 / Jan 1983 edition of ZX-Computing to peer into before proceeding.

Both versions of the Corners program are available in separate P files contained in zx81_corners_c_and_basic_files.tar.gz, and should run on any ZX81 emulator.

Hopefully soon I'll have a fine ZX81 board game playing program, 34 years after the initial call to action.

Arduino Liberates the Recreated ZX Spectrum

Following on from the previous posts, in some free time this week, I butchered my ZX81 / AZ15 Arduino keyboard sketch libraries, sliced in some code for a USB host shield and beat an Arduino Leonardo into submission. The end result a fully working Recreated ZX Spectrum keyboard.

As talked about previously, the Recreated Spectrum has two keyboard modes, one for PS2 functionality and one for Emulation. The odd thing here being that in Emulation mode, the Recreated Spectrum is not compatible with the vast majority of Spectrum Emulators (at least at the time of writing). Disregarding this; Emulation or Mode 'A' as it is labeled, is the easiest to target for any external hardware solution used in remapping the Recreated Spectrum's keys in order to provide a Normal Spectrum Emulator experiance. See the previous post for a deeper explanation.

Emulation mode was quite straightforward in it's implementation, being that all keys are registered when pressed or released, if in a slightly odd way. It was a simple matter of matching the codes the Recreated Spectrum passed out on each of these events with the actual keys.

Once Mode 'A' was covered, it was time to move onto Normal / PS2 mode (Mode 'B'). Normally to enter either Mode 'A' or Mode 'B', a slider switch on the keyboard needs to be placed in the correct position. I decided that if using an external device to do the decoding, this mechanism would become problematic. Having already decoded Mode 'A' for usage, adding a simple keyboard selection would be simpler way to manage switching into Mode 'B' or vice versa. As a result, Mode 'A' is permanently set to on, at the back of the Recreated Spectrum, "CAPS SHIFT" + "SYMBOL SHIFT" + "ENTER" now changes modes on the external Arduino Leonardo based solution.

All key-mappings as described in the Recreated Spectrum's manual and Cheat Card remain the same, with the exception of the Windows, and Print Screen Keys which have been left unmapped at this stage.

While I've used a Leonardo and full sized USB host shield initially, there is no reason why a Pro Micro and mini USB host adapter could not be used to do the same thing. In fact one of the next steps could well be to do just that, along with mating the whole arrangement with a Raspberry Pi in a custom Sinclair inspired case.

For those that feel like a little experimentation, feel free to mess around with some hot of the presses Recreated ZX Spectrum Arduino Sketches. I'll be making changes regularly and the latest changes will be on the 'Recreated Spectrum Project Files to Download' page.

Also, make sure you download and install the Arduino USB_Host_Shield_2.0 libraries from Github before compliling the Recreated Spectrum Project Files.

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Keyboard in Action